![]() ![]() The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis. The independent variables were play group participation status, parenting style (autoritarian, democratic, and permissive), parental education, and child age. The dependent variable was independence development. A sample of 120 kindergarten pupils were selected for this study by purposive sampling and random sampling. The study was conducted at 3 kindergartens in Surakarta, Central Java, from February to April 2017. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study using case control design. This study aimed to determine the effect of play group on the independence development of preschool children while controlling for the effect of biopsychosocial factors. Some play groups have been introduced to meet this need in Surakarta, but no studies have been carried out to evaluate its effectiveness. ![]() Efforts are needed to help children develop optimally. Disturbance in the development of children’s independence may have a negative future impact in adult life and children become dependent individuals. Background: The development of children's independence is important for their future competitiveness in the rapidly increasing social changes. ![]()
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